Sexual Abuse

20 Critical Essay Topics Outstanding Issues to Write about in a Paper on Domestic Violence/Sexual Abuse If you are tasked with writing a critical essay or a literary analysis on Domestic Violence/Sexual Abuse in Indian Reservations, the first step is finding a great topic. But this step can often seem the hardest which is why you we provide you with a list of potential critical essay topics below. With them you might be able to write your next essay: Punishments for Non-Natives Living within Indian Reservations Who Are Convicted of Domestic Assault/Domestic Violence in Indian Reservations Punishments for Non-Natives Living in Indian Reservations Who Are Convicted of Domestic Assault/Domestic Violence in Indian Reservations Domestic Assault/Domestic Violence Laws on Different Reservations and how They Compare to The State Laws for Domestic Assault/Domestic Violence Laws in Which the Reservation Is Located Why Perpetrator Rates for Sexual Assault/Sexual Violence in Indian Reservations Is Heavily Non-Native Sexual Assault/Sexual Violence Laws on Different Reservations and how They Compare to the State Laws for Sexual Assault/Sexual Violence Laws in which the Reservation Is Located Causes of Higher Rates in Domestic Assault/Domestic Violence in Indian Reservations Compared to Other Areas Regulated by State and Federal Authorities Why Perpetrator Rates for Domestic Assault/Domestic Violence in Indian Reservations are High for Non-Native Causes of Higher Rates in Sexual Assault/Sexual Violence in Indian Reservations Compared to Other Areas Regulated by State and Federal Authorities Solutions Enforced by The U.S. Government to Reduce the High Rates of Domestic Assault/Domestic Violence in Indian Reservations Compared to All Other Areas of The United States Does The U.S. Government Have the Authority to Stop or Help in Reducing Domestic Assault/Domestic Violence in Indian Reservations Punishments for Non-Natives Living in Indian Reservations who Are Convicted of Sexual Assault/Sexual Violence in Indian Reservations Punishments for Non-Natives Living off Indian Reservations who Are Convicted Sexual Assault/Sexual Violence in Indian Reservations Physical and Mental Health Options for Victims of Sexual Assault/Sexual Violence in Indian Reservations. Why Perpetrators who Are Intimate with Victims Engage in Sexual Assault/Sexual Violence in Indian Reservations Solutions Enforced by The U.S. Government to Reduce the High Rates of Sexual Assault/Sexual Violence in Indian Reservations Compared to All Other Areas of The United States? Does The U.S. Government have the Authority to Stop or Help Reduce Sexual Assault/Sexual Violence in Indian Reservations? Physical and Mental Health Options for Victims of Domestic Assault/Domestic Violence in Indian Reservations What Causes Perpetrators Who Are Intimate With Victims to Engage in Domestic Assault/Domestic Violence in Indian Reservations Cultural Differences in Legal Perception of Sexual Assault/Sexual Violence in Indian Reservations Cultural Differences in Legal Perception of Domestic Assault/Domestic Violence in Indian Reservations Sample Critical Essay: Punishments for Non-Natives Living Off Indian Reservations Who Are Convicted Domestic Assault/Domestic Violence in Indian Reservations The US take convictions for domestic assault and violence very seriously. Whether the state has an Indian reservation within its borders or not does not change the severity of the charges, or punishment. For a citizen who does not live in the Indian reservation, but commits such an act while on one, the jurisdiction for punishment will generally fall to the state authorities who prosecute it, just as any domestic abuse/violence charge. â€Å"Domestic abuse battery† is the legal term for any violent crime against an acquaintance. If an individual uses force or violence against another member of their household, it is considered legally to be domestic abuse. This can include anyone within the household, opposite sex or the same sex, spouse or significant other. Anyone who has ever resided in the same household with the accused, including children, can legally fall victim to domestic violence. This extends to a child who has lived with the accused at any point over the last five years or any child of the accused even one who does not live with them full time. Anyone who is charged with such a crime can face, in some states, a fine in the amount between three hundred and one thousand dollars. The jail sentencing for such a crime can be between ten days and six months. These minimum punishments can be changed if the court decides to offer probation for the convicted, something which requires them to have spent two days in jail, agreeing to go into a treatment program, and not having a firearm during this period in their possession. The state punishment can also be altered should the convicted be put on probation after the completion of four separate days of eight full hours at community service, in addition to which the convicted has to enter into a domestic abuse program. These two alterations to the minimum state sentencing are offered generally to fire time offenders. Any individual who is convicted a second time can opt to change the sentencing to include fifteen days in jail after which they are on probation, assuming they agree to ser ve thirty days of community service each of which lasts eight hours, and agree to enter into an abuse prevention program. The punishment for those on reservations is, again, contingent upon the local Native American authorities. In all states, there is no sharp increase in domestic abuse in large part because of the severity of the punishment in the event of being charged. This is not the same for reservations where the rates of abuse are twice as high for native women as they are for any other group, located in any other type of environment. That said, the system is divided in terms of jurisdiction in order to acquiesce to the cultural demands of the local populations and make some form of reparations. However, it seems that this is not resulting in effective change, or any change for that matter. At this juncture, there need to be oversight committees in place to ensure the local reservation authorities are doing their job effectively, and after this trial period of oversight, if things have not improved significantly, there must be government intervention to put a stop to this horrific crime. References: Bachman, Ronet.  Death and violence in the reservation: Homicide, family violence, and suicide in American Indian populations. Abc-clio, 1992. Bachman, R., Zaykowski, H., Kallmyer, R., Poteyeva, M., and Lanier, C. (2008). Violence against American Indian and Alaska Native women and the criminal justice response: What is known. Unpublished grant report to the US Department of Justice. Available from: www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants/223691.pdf. Hamby, Sherry L. The importance of community in a feminist analysis of domestic violence among American Indians.  American journal of community psychology  28.5 (2000): 649-669. Norton, Ilena M., and Spero M. Manson. Domestic violence intervention in an urban Indian health center.  Community Mental Health Journal  33.4 (1997): 331-337. Norton, Ilena M., and Spero M. Manson. A silent minority: Battered American Indian women.  Journal of Family Violence  10.3 (1995): 307-318. Roman, David.  DOMESTIC VIOLENCE IN INDIAN RESERVATIONS. Diss. NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, 2015. Tjaden, P., Thoennes, N. (2000). Full report of the prevalence, incidence, and consequences of violence against women: Findings from the National Violence Against Women Survey [NCJ 183781]. Washington, DC: US Department of Justice, National Institute of Justice the US Department of Health and Human Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Available from: www.ncjrs.gov/txtfiles1/nij/183781.txt.

Consumer behavior about target-based internet market in China Dissertation

Consumer behavior about target-based internet market in China - Dissertation Example eople’s Republic of China Theoretical Background 11 Chapter Three: Methodology†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 31 Chapter Four: Results and Discussions†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 48 Chapter Five: Conclusions and Recommendations†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 72 References†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 79 Appendices†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 85 Abstract This research focuses on the determination of the behavi ors of consumers to target-based internet markets. The researcher focuses on the use of the said target-based internet markets as well as the perceptions of the consumers in the People’s Republic of China. In order to determine the same, this study used a purposive sample of 142 consumers. In ascertaining the perceptions of the China-based customers with respect to target based internet marketing, the results pointed out that this type of marketing has been preferred by the respondents because of the following factors: (1) its capacity to ensure that the online activities of the users and the consumers do not suffer from intrusion; (2) it has the capacity to appeal to the senses in a more effective manner; (3) marketers may customize the advertisements depending on the needs of the target population; (4) marketers may control the amount of junk mail associated thereto; and lastly, the efficient use of models. Unfortunately, the responses of the participants revealed mere neut rality with respect to the issue of privacy. This, however, means that the marketers must effectively address the issue of privacy in order to ensure that they properly influence the behavior of the consumers. Nevertheless, the overall preference for the marketing approach and behavioural intentions related to the approach has been rated positively signifying that indeed, the Chinese customers have high regard for target-based internet marketing. Moreover, the study found that target-based internet marketing has been merely confined as regards the factor that influence it, traditional marketing has been approved of only in terms of use of models. The rest of the factors were assessed neutrally. Finally, the independent variables that were found to positively and significantly predict behavioural intentions are customization and use of models. Recommendations for the improvement of target-based marketing are put forth. Chapter 1: Introduction Background of the Study The twenty-first century noticed a remarkable increase in terms of the usage of the internet. Undoubtedly, the increase in its usage has tremendously affected society (Kuratko and Hodgetts 2008). For instance, traditional societies who once gave paramount importance to the knowledge of their revered and respected elders do not rely on the as tons of information has been available online. In fact, the influence of the internet has even caused breakdowns within their societies (Charlesworth 2009; Lee 2001; Roldan 2001). Aside from this, the increase in the usage of the internet has likewise affected the commercial latter organisations and their businesses. Literature written with respect to the topic at hand clearly shows that the businesses’ use of the internet

Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Law - Essay Example I note that the University reserves the right to check my assignment for plagiarism. Should the reproduction of all or part of an assignment be required by the University for any purpose other than those mentioned above, appropriate authorisation will be sought from me on the relevant form. OR, if submitting this paper electronically as per instructions for the unit, place an ‘X’ in the box below to indicate that you have read this form and filled it in completely and that you certify as above. Please include this page in/with your submission. Any electronic responses to this submission will be sent to your ECU email address (or, where relevant, the digital dropbox for the Blackboard site for LAW1100). Agreement Date  PROCEDURES AND PENALTIES ON LATE ASSIGNMENTS - Refer to the University Admission, Enrolment and Academic Progress Rule 24 and the ECU Assessment Policy ? A student who wishes to defer the submission of an assignment must apply to the lecturer in charge of the relevant unit or course for an extension of the time within which to submit the assignment. ? Where an extension is sought for the submission of an assignment the application must : be in writing - preferably before the due date; and set out the grounds on which deferral is sought. ( see ECU Assessment Policy) ? Assignments submitted after the normal or extended date without approval shall incur a penalty of loss of marks. (see 39.5) ACADEMIC MISCONDUCT Rules (Students) All forms of cheating, plagiarism or collusion are regarded seriously and could result in penalties including loss of marks, exclusion from the unit or cancellation of enrolment. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Please remember to read, store for future reference and ensure that you have submitted: to the correct location the correct assessment piece CONFORMANCE STATEMENT Please note the following, and enter the required information in the grey shaded spaces provided prior to submission of the essay. 1. Your LAW1100 on campus essay should have not less than 2800 effective words but not more than 3200 effective words (without the express permission of the Unit Coordinator) (see LAW1100 Unit Plan (February, 2011, page 9). This essay has †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦2801†¦. words (in determining the number of words, do a ‘word count’ from the beginning of your Introduction to the end of your Conclusion, and subtract all headings, sub headings, direct quotations and in text references therein from the result). 2. Your LAW1100 essay should use at least 6 to 10 quality academic reference sources (i.e. in terms of LAW1100 requirements, texts and journal articles – see LAW1100 on campus Essay Preparation Kit (2011), page 19). This essay has †¦13†¦ quality academic referen ce sources (in determining the number of quality academic reference sources for LAW1100 purposes, add up the total number of end references and subtract those which are not texts or journal articles; do not include the number of cases in this count – see point 4 below). 3. Your LAW1100 essay should cite your end reference sources (collectively) on at least 30 occasions in the body of your essay (see LAW1100 on cam

The Kite Runner Essay Example for Free

The Kite Runner Essay I will be doing my book review on the book called ‘kite runner’, by Khalid Hosseini. The Kite Runner tells the story of Amir, a young boy from the Wazir Akbar Khan district of Kabul, who befriends Hassan, the son of his fathers Hazara servant. The story is set against a background of upcoming events, from the fall of Afghanistans monarchy through the Soviet invasion, the large number of refugees sent to Pakistan and the United States, and the rise of the Taliban regime. I am doing my book review on the Kite Runner because I think it is a marvellous and very interesting book. The author also describes the settings very well. Khalid Hosseini was born on 4th March 1965; he is an American novelist and physician from Afghanistan and he is an ethnic Tajik. Amir, a wealthy Pashtun boy, and Hassan, a Hazara who is the son of Ali, Amirs fathers servant, spend their days in the peaceful city of Kabul, kite fighting and roaming through the streets. Amirs father, a wealthy merchant, whom Amir affectionately refers to as ‘Baba’, loves both boys, but seems critical of Amir for not being manly enough. However, he has a kinder father figure in the form of Rahim Khan, Babas friend, who understands Amir better, and supports his interest in writing. Hassan and Amir are great friends. Hassan is also a very good kite runner. Five years later, the Soviet Union invades Afghanistan. Amir and Baba escape to Peshawar, Pakistan and then to Fremont, California, where Amir and Baba, who lived in luxury in an expensive mansion in Afghanistan, settle in a run-down apartment and Baba begins work at a gas station. Amir eventually takes classes at a local community college to develop his writing skills after graduating from high school at age twenty. Every Sunday, Baba and Amir make extra money selling used goods at a flea market in San Jose. Hassan is killed but his son is in trouble, so Amir goes back to Afghanistan to save him. The genre of this novel is action and adventure. Most of the action takes place in Afghanistan. The author described the place where Amir lived; you could almost picture his house in your mind. When you chose an adventure book people expect the story to be interesting, fascinating and settings to be described very well also. The novel fits the genre because they play all around Kabul, running away from the bullies and also it is about the life of Hassan and Amir, it has the up and downs of their lives. One triumphant day, Amir wins the local tournament, and finally Babas praise. Hassan runs for the last cut kite, a great trophy, saying to Amir, For you, a thousand times over. Unfortunately, Hassan encounters Assef. Hassan refuses to give up Amirs kite. Assef decides to teach Hassan a lesson by beating him half to death and then raping him. Amir witnesses the act but convinced himself that he is too scared to intervene; though its actually the fact that he needs the kite for Babas praise and approval and he knows if he does intervene, then he wont get the kite and he returns home ashamed, guilty for not being able to help his best friend. He feels that his cowardice in Hassans rape would destroy any hopes for Babas affections, so he says nothing. Afterward, Hassan and Amir keep a distance from each other. Amir reacts indifferently because he feels ashamed, and is frustrated by Hassans saint-like behavior. Already jealous of Babas love for Hassan, he worries that if Baba knew of Hassans bravery and his own cowardice, that Babas love for Hassan would grow even more. This part of the story showed how loyal and brave Hassan was. Amir like reading stories and is a storyteller. He and Hassan play with kites all the time. He is a little bit afraid of the other boys like Assef. I have enjoyed this book a lot it has been interesting, I felt sorry for Hassan because he was so loyal and his loyalty had cost his life. The novel was a great adventure story. It is one of the best books I have ever read. By Nima Tajali.

Of Mice and Men - George and Lennie seem to have a very close friendship :: English Literature

Of Mice and Men - George and Lennie seem to have a very close friendship throughout the story. Of Mice and Men George and Lennie seem to have a very close friendship throughout the story. This is strange because they are completely different from each other mentally, as well as physically. The author tells us that George is a small, quick and defined man. He is the leader of the two men and makes all the plans. Lennie respects him a great deal. Lennie is huge, and very strong, but he has the mentality of a child. He relies heavily on George, as he cannot fend for himself. He always tries his best to imitate George's actions and an example of this is when the two men are at the beach. "George lay back on the sand and crossed his hands under his head, and Lennie imitated him, raising his head to see if he were doing it right." This shows just how much Lennie looks up to George and wants to be like him. It is not, however, a one-sided friendship. George must be very close to Lennie because he goes to a lot of trouble to make sure that they both stay together. When Lennie got himself into trouble in Weed George didn't abandon him; they ran away to a different ranch together. I think George relies on Lennie for companionship because of the unfriendly and lonely environment they are in. he obviously cares about lennie because he says, "God, you're a lot of trouble. I could get along so easy and so nice if I didn't have you on my tail. I could live so easy and maybe have a girl." If George wanted to leave Lennie and change his lifestyle completely, he easily could. But he stays with Lennie throughout the whole book so they must have a special friendship. In contrast to George and Lennie's friendship, Curley and his wife do not seem to have a very good relationship at all. Even though they are married, the two of them are never seen together in the story. They always claim to be looking for each other, but never find one another. At one point in the book Curley's wife comes into the bunkhouse and flirts with the men, whilst pretending to be looking for Curley. She asks Slim if he has seen Curley. Slim tells her that Curley went into the house and she obviously hasn't been looking for him very well. We are then told her reaction to his answer, "She was suddenly apprehensive. "Bye Boys" she called into the bunk-house and she

Innocence Within To Kill a Mockingbird Essay

There are many times where childhood and adolescence, whether they be in metaphors or depicted by actual characters, are used in literature in order to convey different times in the work. Sometimes they can be used to convey tribulation or they can be used to convey times of prosperity. With Haper Lee’s story, To Kill A Mockingbird, she uses adolescence to be able to challenge the perspective of a Southern town still stuck in their older ways. She does this many times throughout the book, however in this essay; we will only discuss three instances that shape the story as a whole. The first instance that we will refer to is when in chapter 10, Scout and Jem get their rifles for Christmas. Once they receive their rifles, Atticus says,† ‘I’d rather you shot at tin cans in the back yard, but I know you’ll go after birds. Shoot all the blue jays you want, if you can hit ‘em, but remember it’s a sin to kill a mockingbird. ’† Scout is confused by the saying and so a few sentences later, she asks Miss Maudie, their help, about why it was a sin to kill a mocking bird. Miss Maudie replies with a â€Å"’Mockingbirds don’t do one thing but make music for us to enjoy. They don’t eat up people’s gardens, don’t nest in corncribs, they don’t do one thing but sing their hearts out for us. That’s why it’s a sin to kill a mockingbird. ’† At first one might read this and think that on face value, they are simply talking about birds; however, if you look closer at the text, the mocking bird can be a depiction of children or a child’s innocence. By saying that it is a sin to kill a mockingbird, because of the very heavy presence that childhood and adolescence takes within the book, one could take the saying as â€Å"it’s a sin to kill or smash innocence† and a mockingbird is a depiction of innocence in the book. It is a sin or rather a sad thing to take away a child’s innocence because it does no harm to anyone. In another chapter, it explains how Scout thinks of herself as an important figure in her household because she figures that without her, Atticus and Miss Maudie would have no clue what to do, while later on is explained in the same chapter that Dill has become aware of his insignificance of his household and is not better off for having that bit of innocence changed. This is one way the book is shaped is that it shows that innocence is a key element in the work and that Atticus throughout the book does not wish to taint the innocence of the children before it is time for them to grow up. Another instance in the book where innocence plays an important role in shaping the work, is in chapter 15 when Atticus is sitting at the jail where Tom Robinson is being held captive for his own protection while awaiting the trial. In the scene, Atticus has a lamp and a chair sitting beside the cell outside and is there to guard Tom Robinson before the trial. As the evening progresses, a crowd shows up with the intention to harm Tom Robinson and to harm Atticus if he does not step aside. During this scene, Scout happens to have been spying on her father and she rushes up to where her father is at, and ends up talking the crowd down with her innocence. In this scene, it is because of her innocence and the way that she speaks with Mr. Cunningham that remind the man that Atticus is a man with a family and that he is a neighbor and not some form of enemy. In this way, the innocence on Scout’s part shapes the work because it shows that no matter how callous someone might be, that innocence can penetrate through the hardened heart. It also shows that the townspeople do realize that Atticus is their friend and not someone who is out to get their women and children. And then the third way that innocence shapes the book is in chapter 19 when Dill cries after seeing the way that the prosecutor addresses Tom Robinson just because of his color. He sees that there is no reason to talk to a person despite race. This shapes the work because it shows that naturally even children can see injustice and it shows that we as adults sometimes lose sight of what’s right and wrong because our views can be tainted and skewed by callousness on our part. There is another instance in the book where Scout’s classmates speak poorly of Atticus for defending a man of color. During this time, Atticus shows Scout that regardless of color, that it was Atticus’ duty to defend anyone if they are innocent and that it should be Scout’s duty as well. This also shapes the work because it shows that no matter what, we should lose sight of what the morally right view is. Throughout the book, innocence is used in numerous occasions and pertaining to different instances in the book. Some of the most important instances where innocence is used is during Tom Robinson’s trial and where the children, Scout, Jem, and Dill can see that the way that the town is treating Tom Robinson is incorrect. At the time Haper Lee wrote To Kill a Mockingbird, it would have been a touchy subject to speak out on because of the Civil Rights Movement, and so the author uses the natural innocence of children to show us just how wrong the case and the treatment of Tom Robinson was throughout his trial and up until his death.

Capital Punishment An Issue Of Bias - 1878 Words

Austin Norris Terry White English 1301 October 14, 2014 Capital Punishment as an Issue of Bias Aristotle once said â€Å"the generality of men are naturally apt to be swayed by fear rather than reverence, and to refrain from evil rather because of punishment that it brings than because of its own foulness.† Capital punishment has been intertwined in United States history for centuries with a number of crimes that could lead to the death penalty if convicted, many of them are some form of murder. Since 1977, three thousand and ninety-five defendants have been on death row and of that, only one thousand thirty eight defendants have actually been executed. But the perilous question is whether or not the defendants were sentenced based on solely the facts and nature of the crime or crimes, or were there other contributing factors that influenced the severity of the verdict. There are several social controversies that surround the people who are sent to death row, predominately bias and discrimination issues which are based on ethnicity, gender, and mental health. The death penalty was implemented to punish those deserving of such a punishment, however according to Cohan and Smith â€Å"race based arbitrariness â€Å"could inhibit the fairness of the administration of punishment† (Cohen and Smith). The statistical study suggested that defendants had a higher probability of receiving the death penalty for a case involving a white victim than a black victim. 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